Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals found in your blood, urine and body fluids as dissolved salts. They move nutrients to body cells, remove waste materials, maintain a healthy water balance and keep the pH level of the body normal. These include sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium.
The proper amount of electrolytes is crucial for the body’s blood chemistry, muscle action and other essential processes. They are taken from the foods and fluids you consume. If electrolyte levels are too low or too high, there are potential health consequences, such as dry mouth, fatigue, chills and dizziness. Since electrolytes and water levels affect each other in your body, some medicines, vomiting, diarrhea or kidney conditions can alter your electrolyte concentrations.
An electrolyte imbalance may reflect problems with the vital levels of sodium, potassium or chloride in your body. Sodium can be found in the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) just outside body cells. This helps maintain the amount of water in your body. Potassium is located inside body cells. Changes in potassium levels can disrupt heart rhythm and change the heart’s ability to contract. Chloride enters and leaves cells to maintain electrical neutrality. Sodium, potassium and chloride are common minerals that may cause an electrolyte imbalance.
How do you measure the amount of electrolytes in your body? Electrolyte analysis is performed with a test called an electrolyte panel that checks the levels of sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate in the body. Another alternative test is the anion gap, which is the value calculated using the results of an electrolyte panel. An abnormal anion gap may be a sign of certain kinds of metabolic problems such as starvation or diabetes. It may also indicate the presence of a toxic element.
How is the test performed? First, a blood sample is extracted from a vein by a needle, also known as venipuncture. Next, a laboratory chemically measures the blood sample and communicates the results to a healthcare provider. No special preparation is needed for this test; however, drinking plenty of water and consuming wholesome foods may help keep one’s electrolytes in optimal balance.
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